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Sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) is the trisodium salt of citric acid. It's a white, crystalline powder that dissolves easily in water and has a slightly tart or salty taste.
This definition highlights two key aspects:

Trisodium salt: Citric acid has three acidic groups. Sodium citrate is formed when all three hydrogens are replaced by sodium ions (Na+), resulting in a molecule with a net negative charge balanced by three positively charged sodium ions.
Chemical formula: Na3C6H5O7 represents the chemical makeup of sodium citrate. It indicates three sodium atoms (Na3), six carbon atoms (C6), five hydrogen atoms (H), and seven oxygen atoms (O7) in each molecule.

Sodium citrate is chemically stable when maintained in cold, dry circumstances (maximum temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50%). It deliquesces when exposed to damp air. Physical qualities may vary during storage; re-testing is required on a regular basis depending on real storage circumstances.

Citrate Ion: The citrate ion (C6H5O7) is the key functional group in sodium citrate. It has a central carbon chain with three carboxylate groups (COO-). These groups can bind to metal ions like calcium and sodium through ionic bonds. The presence of multiple carboxylate groups makes the citrate ion a weak organic acid. It can donate protons (H+) in solution, contributing to its buffering properties.
Crystal Structure: Sodium citrate forms a crystalline structure in its solid state. The specific arrangement of sodium and citrate ions in the crystal lattice determines its physical properties like solubility and melting point. X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the exact arrangement of atoms in a crystal. This information helps understand the interactions between sodium and citrate ions in the solid form.
Chirality: The central carbon chain in the citrate ion has four different substituents. This makes the molecule chiral, meaning it exists in two non-superimposable mirror images like your left and right hand. However, in the context of sodium citrate, the chirality doesn't play a significant role because the presence of three identical sodium ions cancels out the effect.
Hydration: Sodium citrate can absorb water molecules from the environment, a property called hygroscopicity. This can cause the powder to clump or cake if exposed to moist air.
Solubility: As mentioned earlier, sodium citrate is highly soluble in water due to the ionic interaction between sodium and citrate ions with water molecules.